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1 elektrikli tramvay
electric tramway -
2 elektrikli tramvay
electric tramway -
3 tranvia
tranvia s.f. tramway, tramline; (amer.) streetcar line: tranvia elettrica, electric tramway; tranvia urbana, urban tramway.* * *[tran'via]sostantivo femminile tramline, tramway* * *tranvia/tran'via/sostantivo f.tramline, tramway. -
4 Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
[br]b. 13 December 1816 Lenthe, near Hanover, Germanyd. 6 December 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German pioneer of the dynamo, builder of the first electric railway.[br]Werner von Siemens was the eldest of a large family and after the early death of his parents took his place at its head. He served in the Prussian artillery, being commissioned in 1839, after which he devoted himself to the study of chemistry and physics. In 1847 Siemens and J.G. Halske formed a company, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens und Halske, to manufacture a dial telegraph which they had developed from an earlier instrument produced by Charles Wheatstone. In 1848 Siemens obtained his discharge from the army and he and Halske constructed the first long-distance telegraph line on the European continent, between Berlin and Frankfurt am Main.Werner von Siemens's younger brother, William Siemens, had settled in Britain in 1844 and was appointed agent for the Siemens \& Halske company in 1851. Later, an English subsidiary company was formed, known from 1865 as Siemens Brothers. It specialized in manufacturing and laying submarine telegraph cables: the specialist cable-laying ship Faraday, launched for the purpose in 1874, was the prototype of later cable ships and in 1874–5 laid the first cable to run direct from the British Isles to the USA. In charge of Siemens Brothers was another brother, Carl, who had earlier established a telegraph network in Russia.In 1866 Werner von Siemens demonstrated the principle of the dynamo in Germany, but it took until 1878 to develop dynamos and electric motors to the point at which they could be produced commercially. The following year, 1879, Werner von Siemens built the first electric railway, and operated it at the Berlin Trades Exhibition. It comprised an oval line, 300 m (985 it) long, with a track gauge of 1 m (3 ft 3 1/2 in.); upon this a small locomotive hauled three small passenger coaches. The locomotive drew current at 150 volts from a third rail between the running rails, through which it was returned. In four months, more than 80,000 passengers were carried. The railway was subsequently demonstrated in Brussels, and in London, in 1881. That same year Siemens built a permanent electric tramway, 1 1/2 miles (2 1/2 km) long, on the outskirts of Berlin. In 1882 in Berlin he tried out a railless electric vehicle which drew electricity from a two-wire overhead line: this was the ancestor of the trolleybus.In the British Isles, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1880 for the Giant's Causeway Railway in Ireland with powers to work it by "animal, mechanical or electrical power"; although Siemens Brothers were electrical engineers to the company, of which William Siemens was a director, delays in construction were to mean that the first railway in the British Isles to operate regular services by electricity was that of Magnus Volk.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary doctorate, Berlin University 1860. Ennobled by Kaiser Friedrich III 1880, after which he became known as von Siemens.Further ReadingS.von Weiher, 1972, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45 (describes the Siemens's careers). C.E.Lee, 1979, The birth of electric traction', Railway Magazine (May) (describes Werner Siemens's introduction of the electric railway).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1979) 50: 82–3 (describes Siemens's and Halske's early electric telegraph instruments).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1961) 33: 93 (describes the railless electric vehicle).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
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5 трамвайная подводящая
1) Engineering: street railway, streetcar route, streetcar track, tram route2) British English: electric tramway, tramline, tramwayУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > трамвайная подводящая
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6 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
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7 elektrisk sporvei
subst. electric tramway -
8 Sprague, Frank Julian
[br]b. 25 July 1857 Milford, Connecticut, USAd. 25 October 1934 New York, USA[br]American electrical engineer and inventor, a leading innovator in electric propulsion systems for urban transport.[br]Graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1878, Sprague served at sea and with various shore establishments. In 1883 he resigned from the Navy and obtained employment with the Edison Company; but being convinced that the use of electricity for motive power was as important as that for illumination, in 1884 he founded the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company. Sprague began to develop reliable and efficient motors in large sizes, marketing 15 hp (11 kW) examples by 1885. He devised the method of collecting current by using a wooden, spring-loaded rod to press a roller against the underside of an overhead wire. The installation by Sprague in 1888 of a street tramway on a large scale in Richmond, Virginia, was to become the prototype of the universally adopted trolley system with overhead conductor and the beginning of commercial electric traction. Following the success of the Richmond tramway the company equipped sixty-seven other railways before its merger with Edison General Electric in 1890. The Sprague traction motor supported on the axle of electric streetcars and flexibly mounted to the bogie set a pattern that was widely adopted for many years.Encouraged by successful experiments with multiple-sheave electric elevators, the Sprague Elevator Company was formed and installed the first set of high-speed passenger cars in 1893–4. These effectively displaced hydraulic elevators in larger buildings. From experience with control systems for these, he developed his system of multiple-unit control for electric trains, which other engineers had considered impracticable. In Sprague's system, a master controller situated in the driver's cab operated electrically at a distance the contactors and reversers which controlled the motors distributed down the train. After years of experiment, Sprague's multiple-unit control was put into use for the first time in 1898 by the Chicago South Side Elevated Railway: within fifteen years multiple-unit operation was used worldwide.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1892–3. Franklin Institute Elliot Cresson Medal 1904, Franklin Medal 1921. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1910.Bibliography1888, "The solution of municipal rapid transit", Trans. AIEE 5:352–98. See "The multiple unit system for electric railways", Cassiers Magazine, (1899) London, repub. 1960, 439–460.1934, "Digging in “The Mines of the Motor”", Electrical Engineering 53, New York: 695–706 (a short autobiography).Further ReadingLionel Calisch, 1913, Electric Traction, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ch. 6 (for a near-contemporary view of Sprague's multiple-unit control).D.C.Jackson, 1934, "Frank Julian Sprague", Scientific Monthly 57:431–41.H.C.Passer, 1952, "Frank Julian Sprague: father of electric traction", in Men of Business, ed. W. Miller, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 212–37 (a reliable account).——1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass. P.Ransome-Wallis (ed.), 1959, The Concise Encyclopaedia of World RailwayLocomotives, London: Hutchinson, p. 143..John Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.GW / PJGR -
9 Straßenbahn
Straßenbahn
tram[way], street railway (Br.), streetcar (US), trolley car (coach, US);
• durch unterirdische Drahtseile gezogene Straßenbahn cable car;
• städtische Straßenbahn corporation tramway;
• mit der Straßenbahn zur Arbeit fahren to ride to work on a streetcar (US);
• Straßenbahnangestellter tramwayman (Br.), employee of a streetcar (US);
• Straßenbahnbetrieb tramway service (Br.);
• Straßenbahndepot tramyard (Br.), tramway depot (Br.);
• Straßenbahnführer tramwayman (Br.), motorman, carman (US);
• Straßenbahngesellschaft tramway company (Br.);
• Straßenbahnhaltestelle tram (streetcar, US) stop;
• Straßenbahnlinie tramway (Br.), tramline (Br.), streetcar line (US);
• Straßenbahnnetz tramway system (Br.);
• Straßenbahnreklame streetcar (US) (tramway, Br.) advertising;
• Straßenbahnverkehr streetcar (US) (tramway, Br.) traffic;
• Straßenbahnwagen tram[car] (Br.), tramway car (Br.), electric car, trolley car (coach) (US), streetcar (US). -
10 дорога
road, track, way* * *доро́га ж.
roadавтомоби́льная доро́га — automobile [motor] roadвторостепе́нная доро́га — minor roadгородска́я доро́га — urban motorwayгрунтова́я доро́га — dirt roadгужева́я доро́га — cart roadжеле́зная доро́га — брит. railway; амер. railroadжеле́зная, двухпу́тная доро́га — double-track railway, double-track lineжеле́зная, однопу́тная доро́га — single-track railway, single-track lineжеле́зная, окружна́я доро́га — transfer [belt, circular] railwayжеле́зная, подъездна́я доро́га — access railwayжеле́зная, при́городная доро́га — suburban railwayжеле́зная, узкоколе́йная доро́га — narrow-gauge railwayжеле́зная, ширококоле́йная доро́га — full gauge [broad-gauge] railwayжеле́зная, электрифици́рованная доро́га — electrified [electric] railwayкруглолежнева́я доро́га — pole tram roadлежнева́я доро́га — plank roadлесово́зная доро́га — wood-road, forest-roadлесово́зная, ледяна́я доро́га — iced roadлесово́зная, са́нная доро́га — logging sled [snow] roadмагистра́льная доро́га — backbone road, arterial [main trunk] highwayдоро́га ме́стного движе́ния — local(-service) roadдоро́га ме́стного значе́ния — local roadмоноре́льсовая доро́га — monorailобъездна́я доро́га — by-pass highwayдоро́га по да́мбе или плоти́не — causewayподвесна́я доро́га — tramwayподвесна́я кана́тная доро́га с кольцевы́м движе́нием — continuous aerial tramwayподвесна́я кана́тная доро́га с мая́тниковым движе́нием — jig-back [to-and-fro] aerial tramway, reversible aerial tramwayподвесна́я моноре́льсовая доро́га — overhead monorailподъездна́я доро́га — access [approach] roadпросё́лочная доро́га — cart roadдоро́га с вы́пуклым про́филем — crowned roadсе́льская доро́га — rural roadскоростна́я доро́га — expressway, freeway, highwayдоро́га с упру́гим покры́тием — flexible-type roadшоссе́йная доро́га — highway -
11 Straßenbahn
* * *die Straßenbahnstreetcar; trolley; tram; tramway* * *Stra|ßen|bahnf(= Wagen) tram (esp Brit), streetcar (US); (= Netz) tramway(s) (esp Brit), streetcar system (US)mit der Stráßenbahn — by tram (esp Brit) or streetcar (US)
* * *((also tramcar: American streetcar) a long car running on rails and usually driven by electric power, for carrying passengers especially along the streets of a town.) tram* * *Stra·ßen·bahnfmit der \Straßenbahn fahren to go by tram* * *die tram (Brit.); streetcar (Amer.)* * *Straßenbahn fahren go in a tram (US streetcar, trolley)* * *die tram (Brit.); streetcar (Amer.)* * *f.tram n.tramway n. -
12 tranvía
m.streetcar, electric car, trolley, trolley car.* * *1 (sistema) tramway2 (vehículo) tram, tramcar, US streetcar* * *SM (=coche) tram(car), streetcar (EEUU); (=sistema) tramway; (Ferro) local train* * *a) ( vehículo urbano) streetcar (AmE), tram (BrE)b) (Esp) (Ferr) local train* * *= trolley, tram, streetcar, cable car.Ex. When you arrive at the check-out desk you have a laden trolley and many more items than on your shopping list.Ex. Boston has an extensive and affordable bus, subway, and tram system.Ex. The first streetcars were also pulled by horses but instead of riding along a regular street they rolled along special steel rails in the middle of the street.Ex. In San Francisco horse-drawn wagons preceded the cable cars.* * *a) ( vehículo urbano) streetcar (AmE), tram (BrE)b) (Esp) (Ferr) local train* * *= trolley, tram, streetcar, cable car.Ex: When you arrive at the check-out desk you have a laden trolley and many more items than on your shopping list.
Ex: Boston has an extensive and affordable bus, subway, and tram system.Ex: The first streetcars were also pulled by horses but instead of riding along a regular street they rolled along special steel rails in the middle of the street.Ex: In San Francisco horse-drawn wagons preceded the cable cars.* * ** * *
tranvía sustantivo masculino
b) (Esp) (Ferr) local train
tranvía sustantivo masculino tram, tramcar, US streetcar
' tranvía' also found in these entries:
English:
streetcar
- tram
- tramcar
- trolley
- cable
- street
* * *tranvía nmBr tram, US streetcar* * *m streetcar, Brtram* * *tranvía nm: streetcar, trolley* * *tranvía n tram -
13 Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot
[br]b. 17 June 1863 Winterthur, Switzerlandd. 2 May 1924 Montagnola, Italy[br]English engineer who developed polyphase electrical generation and transmission plant.[br]After attending the Technical College in Winterthur, Brown served with Emile Burgin in Basle before entering the Oerlikon engineering works near Zurich. Two years later he became Director of the electrical department of Oerlikon and from that time was involved in the development of electrical equipment for the generation and distribution of power. The Lauffen-Frankfurt 110-mile (177 km) transmission line of 1891 demonstrated the commercial feasibility of transmitting electrical power over great distances with three-phase alternating current. For this he designed a generator and early examples of oil-cooled transformers, and the scheme gave an impetus to the development of electric-power transmission throughout Europe. In 1891, in association with Walter Boveri, Brown founded the works of Brown Boveri \& Co. at Baden, Switzerland, and until his retirement in 1911 he devoted his energies to the design of polyphase alternating-current machinery. Important installations included the Frankfurt electricity works (1894), the Paderno-Milan transmission line, and the Lugano tramway of 1894, the first system in Europe to use three-phase traction motors. This tramway was followed by many other polyphase and mountain railways. The acquisition by Brown Boveri \& Co. in 1900 of the manufacturing rights of the Parsons steam turbine directed Brown's attention to problems associated with high-speed machines. Recognizing the high centrifugal stress involved, he began to employ solid cylindrical generator rotors with slots for the excitation winding, a method that has come to be universally adopted in large alternators.[br]Bibliography3 December 1901, British patent no. 24,632 (slotted rotor for alternators).Further ReadingObituary, 1924, The Engineer 137:543.Ake T.Vrenthem, 1980, Jonas Wenstrom and the Three Phase System, Stockholm, pp. 26–8 (obituary).75 Years of Brown Boveri, 1966, Baden, Switzerland (for a company history).GWBiographical history of technology > Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot
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14 Straßenbahnwagen
Straßenbahnwagen
tram[car] (Br.), tramway car (Br.), electric car, trolley car (coach) (US), streetcar (US). -
15 Straßenbahn
Straßenbahn f ET tramway (IEC 50-811-02-42); tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, electric street carDeutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > Straßenbahn
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16 trakcj|a
f (G pl trakcji) 1. Techn. (napęd) traction- trakcja elektryczna/parowa electric/steam traction2. Kolej. (trasa) route- trakcja kolejowa/tramwajowa a railway/tramway GB a. streetcar US system3. Kolej., Techn. (urządzenia) traction equipment 4. sgt Techn., Kolej. (dział kolejnictwa i techniki) traction technologyThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > trakcj|a
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17 Merz, Charles Hesterman
[br]b. 5 October 1874 Gateshead, Englandd. 14 October 1940 London, England[br]English engineer who pioneered large-scale integration of electricity-supply networks, which led to the inauguration of the British grid system.[br]Merz was educated at Bootham School in York and Armstrong College in Newcastle. He served an apprenticeship with the Newcastle Electric Supply Company at their first power station, Pandon Dene, and part of his training was at Robey and Company of Lincoln, steam engine builders, and the British Thomson-Houston Company, electrical equipment manufacturers. After working at Bankside in London and at Croydon, he became Manager of the Croydon supply undertaking. In 1898 he went to Cork on behalf of BTH to build and manage a tramway and electricity company. It was there that he met William McLellan, who later joined him in establishing a firm of consulting engineers. Merz, with his vision of large-scale electricity supply, pioneered an integrated traction and electricity scheme in north-eastern England. He was involved in the reorganization of electricity schemes in many countries and established a reputation as a leading parliamentary witness. Merz was appointed Director of Experiments and Research at the Admiralty, where his main contribution was the creation of an organization of outstanding engineers and scientists during the First World War. In 1925 he was largely responsible for a report of the Weir Committee which led to the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, the formation of the Central Electricity Board and the construction of the National Grid. The choice of 132 kV as the original grid voltage was that of Merz and his associates, as was the origin of the term "grid". Merz and his firm produced many technical innovations, including the first power-system control room and Merz-Price and Merz-Hunter forms of cable and transformer protection.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1931.Bibliography1903–4, with W.McLennan, "Power station design", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 33:696–742 (a classic on its subject).1929, "The national scheme of electricity supply in Great Britain", Proceedings of the British Association, Johannesburg.Further ReadingJ.Rowland, 1960, Progress in Power. The Contribution of Charles Merz and His Associates to Sixty Years of Electrical Development 1899–1959, London (the most detailed account).L.Hannah, 1979, Electricity Before Nationalisation, London.——, 1985, Dictionary of Business Biography, ed. J.Jeremy, London, pp. 221–7 (a short account).GWBiographical history of technology > Merz, Charles Hesterman
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